{"window_days":7,"from":"2026-09-14","games_returned":5,"games_withheld_below_min_bets":1,"min_bets":100,"method":{"estimator":"mean payout multiplier, currency independent","interval":"95%, mean plus or minus 1.96 standard errors","source":"each casino's own public bet feed, captured by us","sampling":"the feeds are rolling windows the operators publish; this is a sample of their flow, not the whole of it, and the selection rule is not visible to us","declared_rtp":"only Stake.com publishes a house edge, so declared_rtp and gap are null for other operators","selection_bias":"the feeds are the operators' own marketing surfaces and the selection leans toward winning rounds, so observed_return is UNCORRECTED and biased upward by an unknown amount that differs per operator. feed_bias reports 'curated' where an observed return above 100% proves the feed is incomplete, since no game returns more than it takes over the long run."},"confidence_levels":{"high":">=10000 bets","moderate":">=1000","low":">=100","insufficient":"<100"},"publishable":["low","moderate","high"],"source_kinds":{"observed":"Counted directly from the operator's public feed.","derived":"Computed from observed data through a documented method.","reported":"Published by the operator. We repeat it, we do not verify it.","estimate":"Model output carrying assumptions. Always a range."},"games":[{"casino":"Cloudbet","game":"Le Cowboy","provider":"hacksaw","bets":3342,"observed_return":0.19683122343445514,"declared_rtp":null,"gap":null,"std_error":0.01830180420590405,"ci95":[0.16095968719088322,0.23270275967802706],"max_multiplier":31.600000000000005,"confidence":"moderate","margin":0.035871536243571936,"publishable":false,"withheld":"implausible","diverges_from_declared":null,"window":{"from":"2026-09-14","to":"2026-09-21"},"published_loss_share":0.9542190305206463,"feed_bias":"unknown","observed_return_note":"Uncorrected for feed selection. The operator chooses which rounds to publish.","source":{"bets":"observed","observed_return":"derived","declared_rtp":null,"gap":null}},{"casino":"Roobet","game":"Le Cowboy","provider":"hacksaw","bets":2658,"observed_return":0.9428094313032648,"declared_rtp":null,"gap":null,"std_error":0.1415373535880293,"ci95":[0.6653962182707274,1.2202226443358022],"max_multiplier":193.26666666666665,"confidence":"moderate","margin":0.2774132130325374,"publishable":false,"withheld":"imprecise","diverges_from_declared":null,"window":{"from":"2026-09-14","to":"2026-09-21"},"published_loss_share":0.8890142964635064,"feed_bias":"unknown","observed_return_note":"Uncorrected for feed selection. The operator chooses which rounds to publish.","source":{"bets":"observed","observed_return":"derived","declared_rtp":null,"gap":null}},{"casino":"Winna","game":"Le Cowboy","provider":"hacksaw","bets":795,"observed_return":5.226837610062893,"declared_rtp":null,"gap":null,"std_error":3.0782812346471795,"ci95":[-0.8065936098455788,11.260268829971366],"max_multiplier":2434.93304,"confidence":"low","margin":6.033431219908472,"publishable":false,"withheld":"imprecise","diverges_from_declared":null,"window":{"from":"2026-09-14","to":"2026-09-21"},"published_loss_share":0.7257861635220125,"feed_bias":"unknown","observed_return_note":"Uncorrected for feed selection. The operator chooses which rounds to publish.","source":{"bets":"observed","observed_return":"derived","declared_rtp":null,"gap":null}},{"casino":"Shuffle","game":"Le Cowboy","provider":"unknown","bets":315,"observed_return":0.8073945136345136,"declared_rtp":null,"gap":null,"std_error":0.1532437406904549,"ci95":[0.507036781881222,1.1077522453878053],"max_multiplier":34.266666666666666,"confidence":"low","margin":0.3003577317532916,"publishable":false,"withheld":"imprecise","diverges_from_declared":null,"window":{"from":"2026-09-14","to":"2026-09-21"},"published_loss_share":0.8412698412698413,"feed_bias":"unknown","observed_return_note":"Uncorrected for feed selection. The operator chooses which rounds to publish.","source":{"bets":"observed","observed_return":"derived","declared_rtp":null,"gap":null}},{"casino":"BC.Game","game":"Le Cowboy","provider":"hacksaw","bets":131,"observed_return":0.3326222098983405,"declared_rtp":null,"gap":null,"std_error":0.0795488190017163,"ci95":[0.17670652465497658,0.4885378951417044],"max_multiplier":8.466666666666667,"confidence":"low","margin":0.15591568524336394,"publishable":false,"withheld":"imprecise","diverges_from_declared":null,"window":{"from":"2026-09-14","to":"2026-09-21"},"published_loss_share":0.916030534351145,"feed_bias":"unknown","observed_return_note":"Uncorrected for feed selection. The operator chooses which rounds to publish.","source":{"bets":"observed","observed_return":"derived","declared_rtp":null,"gap":null}}]}